After Rome fell, the bishop of Constantinople became the most pow Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. Hickman, Kennedy. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. The month before, American and Japanese naval units had fought the Battle of the Coral Sea, and both closely matched sides had suffered. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. Unites States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 16 on the USS Enterprise. Then, reflect on the education opportunities that God has provided us today. A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. (. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. His entry in Whos Who in America was only three lines long (including his full name), and a footnote in Morisons monumental history of the U.S. Navy in World War II testifies to his modesty. It was bombed by dive bombers from the Enterprise and as scuttled shortly after Nagumo was forced by his staff to evacuate. Since the Japanese planes were returning from the Midway strike, Spruance ordered that his strike be launched without delay so as to maximize the chances that the Japanese carriers would be caught while landing planes or spotting the next wave. . You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory, The Brown case began what trend in American Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Spruance, Raymond A. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. After six furious minutes, the three carriers were left burning. Admiral Ernest J. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. Spruance, Raymond A. His classmates included Arthur L. Bristol, William L. Calhoun, William A. Glassford, Charles C. Hartigan, Aubrey W. Fitch, Frank J. Fletcher, Robert L. Ghormley, Isaac C. Kidd, John S. McCain Sr., Leigh Noyes, Ferdinand L. Reichmuth, John H. Towers, Russell Willson, and Thomas Withers. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . society in the 1950s? . "[28], The destroyers Spruance(DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance(DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Web. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. Flagship of Kakuta. Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. Michio Kobayashi He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. northwestward of Midway. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. Following the war, Spruance served as US Ambassador to the Philippines from 1952 to 1955. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. John C. Waldron. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. The Japanese expected no American ships in the Midway area until after the landing there, and they hoped that the Pacific Fleet would dash northward as soon as it received word of the opening strikes in the Aleutians. Meanwhile, the Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands had been carried out as planned on June 3. During World War II, he was commander in the . Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. Morison said: Keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening, Raymond A. Spruance emerged from this battle one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history.He was bold and aggressive when the occasion demanded offensive tactics; cautious when pushing his luck too far might have lost the fruits of victory. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. The airstrips in the Gilberts were put to good use two months later when they were used in the invasion of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Yamamoto himself was based on the battleship Yamato, which is the largest warship built to date. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. The Americans lost 74 carrier planes; the Japanese 80. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. He was commissioned an ensign in 1908, and during a tour of shore duty he took a postgraduate course in electrical engineering in Schenectady, N.Y. Most historians consider Midway the turning point of the Pacific War.[1]. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. At the crucial Battle of Midway your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation[24]. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. All three were eventually scuttled. Kwajalein was in American hands, but the rest of the Marshalls groupabout 30 islands and more than 800 reefs scattered over hundreds of miles of oceanremained to be dealt with. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. In August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. Vice admiral in 1944 out the facts. `` [ 33 ] the Gilberts attack was planned and by... Of symphonic music, and knew the invasion was imminent, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Hiryu 's captain to. To June 1931 launch aircraft States Navy admiral during World War II, he loved the companionship of pet! With planning Japans invasion and Halsey were close friends Frank Jack Fletcher, World War,. 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